Extension card · Linguistic
2-tuple linguistic MULTIMOORA (Baležentis and Baležentis, 2011)
2-tuple linguistic MULTIMOORA is the form of MULTIMOORA for situations where a criterion score is given as a term chosen from a pre-declared term set together with a shift away from that term. The ratio system, the reference point and the full multiplicative form are each computed on these terms separately, and the three sub-rankings are merged into a single order by dominance theory.
Base method
MULTIMOORA →
Philosophy, mechanics, strengths and weaknesses are on the base method card; this card describes only the difference.
Data type (family)
Linguistic →
What this data type is, when to use it, how to write it in a cell: the family's full account is here.
What Changes from the Base Method?
Five things change; the dominance logic does not.
Cells. In crisp MULTIMOORA every cell is a single number. Here every cell consists of a term and a shift; the term is chosen from a pre-declared set (a seven-level set in this family: very low, low, slightly low, medium, slightly high, high, very high). The shift preserves, without loss, the case where an aggregation result falls between two terms.
Weight. This is the family's most striking difference: this extension takes no weight at all. Crisp MULTIMOORA, and most other members of the family (fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, spherical fuzzy and the like), take criterion weights from outside and feed them into the ratio system and the reference point. Baležentis and Baležentis's (2011) founding paper treats criteria as equally important, and DecisionMind applies this choice exactly as given: the ratio system and the full multiplicative form use an unweighted arithmetic and geometric mean. A weighted 2-tuple linguistic MULTIMOORA, should one be wanted, is a separate variant and is not the engine this card describes.
Scale equalisation. Crisp MULTIMOORA divides a column by the square root of the sum of its squares. This family has no such division. A term on a cost criterion is converted to the term set's symmetric counterpart (linguistic negation): in a set of g levels, if the term sits at position k, then g − k is taken, and the shift also changes sign. This stands in for crisp MULTIMOORA's separate normalisation step; after this negation, every criterion is read in the same "more is better" direction.
Distance, score and aggregation. The ratio system takes the ARITHMETIC mean of the numerical equivalents (term position plus shift) of the negated terms and converts it back into a term. The reference point builds a reference from each criterion's highest numerical equivalent and takes each alternative's largest absolute difference from that reference (Chebyshev distance). The full multiplicative form takes the GEOMETRIC mean of the same numerical equivalents and converts it back into a term. Crisp MULTIMOORA's summation/multiplication structure corresponds here to the arithmetic/geometric mean; the difference is that it is unweighted.
Result and defuzzification. The output is a term and a shift, but ranking is carried out on these numerical equivalents. As in crisp MULTIMOORA, the three sub-rankings are merged by the sum of their positions (dominance); the alternative with the smallest sum comes first in the final ranking. An alternative that ranks first in all three sub-rankings shows "absolute dominance."
DecisionMind fixes, for this extension, the seven-level term set, linguistic negation, the unweighted arithmetic/geometric mean and the sum-of-ranks (dominance) aggregation.
How to Read the Output
The final ranking, as in crisp MULTIMOORA, is a combined summary of three perspectives. The difference is here: this combination carries no criterion weight whatsoever, every criterion is counted equally. If one criterion is thought more important than the others for the decision, this importance plays no part in this engine; if it must play a part, a weighted variant or a different extension is needed.
Thus instead of writing:
"In 2-tuple linguistic MULTIMOORA, the price criterion drove the result because it carried the most weight"
the report should read:
"All criteria have been counted equally in this engine; the price criterion's contribution to the result carries the same weight as the other six criteria, and the report must state this assumption of equality"
In the illustrative example below, the gap between the second- and third-ranked suppliers closes with a single one-level change in a single criterion; this shows that the ranking can be fragile even under the assumption of equal weights.
When to Prefer This over the Base Method
Use this extension when experts assess a criterion not with a number but with a word chosen from a pre-declared term set, and when the aggregation result needs to be preserved with its shift rather than rounded to a term. It also suits cases where treating criteria as equally important matches the decision-maker's own preference; where a clear difference in importance exists between criteria and this difference must be taken into account, this engine does not provide for it.
A measured criterion (price, time) should not be converted directly into a term; this is the information loss the data-type card warns against. Crisp MULTIMOORA's exit condition applies here too: if no compromise is acceptable on one criterion, this method should not be used, because the ratio system and the full multiplicative form, like the base method, are compensatory.
Mistakes Specific to This Extension
Assuming weight has been applied. Even if the user enters criterion weights, this engine does not read them; the ratio system and the full multiplicative form always take an equally weighted mean. "We gave more weight to price" is not a valid statement under this engine.
Getting the term set's granularity (g) wrong. Negation uses the formula g − k; g is 6 in a seven-level set (0 to 6). Mixing in a different granularity flips cost criteria in the wrong direction.
Dropping the shift and rounding to the nearest term. This hides the small differences between two sub-rankings; in the illustrative example below, rounding away D's shift on the score criterion makes the second-versus-third-place debate disappear.
Reporting only the dominance sum without comparing the three sub-rankings. This is the manifest's own warning: where the sub-rankings disagree (as they do here between B and D), this information is lost.
The governing principle is this:
2-tuple linguistic MULTIMOORA treats criteria as equally weighted; the term set and its granularity are fixed before the analysis, the shift is never dropped, and the final ranking is built from the sum of the three sub-rankings.
Cases
The first case is a literature case: the supplier-selection example from Baležentis and Baležentis's (2011) founding paper; the figures are taken from Table 4 of the paper. The second case is an illustrative construction.
1. Supply chain: Choosing among four suppliers (Baležentis and Baležentis, 2011, Tables 4-6)
A manufacturer will choose among four suppliers (A, B, C, D). A seven-level term set is used: very low, low, slightly low, medium, slightly high, high, very high. Seven criteria are assessed; price, delivery time and payment terms are "lower is better," quality, on-time delivery rate and score are "higher is better." Location is also treated as "lower is better" (proximity to the centre). The paper treats the criteria as equally important.
| Supplier | Price | Quality | Delivery time | On-time delivery | Payment terms | Location | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | slightly high (+0.01) | slightly low (+0.17) | slightly low (+0.12) | slightly low (−0.26) | slightly low (−0.45) | high (+0.43) | very high (0.00) |
| B | slightly high (−0.32) | slightly low (+0.01) | low (+0.39) | slightly low (−0.36) | slightly low (−0.46) | medium (0.00) | medium (0.00) |
| C | medium (+0.26) | slightly low (+0.11) | low (+0.43) | slightly low (−0.29) | low (+0.35) | high (−0.50) | high (0.00) |
| D | medium (0.00) | slightly low (+0.15) | medium (−0.22) | slightly low (−0.34) | slightly low (−0.42) | high (−0.50) | slightly high (0.00) |
| Direction | lower is better | higher is better | lower is better | higher is better | lower is better | lower is better | higher is better |
The method first negates the terms of the "lower is better" criteria, then takes the unweighted arithmetic (ratio system) and geometric (full multiplicative form) mean of the numerical equivalents of the negated terms; the reference point measures the largest absolute difference from each criterion's best value. These three calculations were independently reproduced in Python and matched DecisionMind's engine (method_runner.py L2T-MULTIMOORA) exactly.
| Supplier | Ratio system | Rank | Reference point (distance) | Rank | Full multiplicative | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 2.9714 | 3 | 2.43 | 3 | 2.3887 | 4 |
| B | 3.0057 | 2 | 3.00 | 4 | 2.8191 | 2 |
| C | 3.1829 | 1 | 1.50 | 1 | 2.8627 | 1 |
| D | 2.8500 | 4 | 2.00 | 2 | 2.6486 | 3 |
Supplier C ranks first in all three sub-methods; this is absolute dominance and makes the result robust. The ranking between suppliers B and D, however, is inconsistent across the sub-methods: the ratio system places B ahead of D (3.0057 against 2.8500), while the reference point places D ahead of B (distance 2.00 against 3.00); the full multiplicative form again shows B ahead.
| Supplier | Dominance sum (smaller is better) | Final rank |
|---|---|---|
| C | 3 | 1 |
| B | 8 | 2 |
| D | 9 | 3 |
| A | 10 | 4 |
The manufacturer's hesitation is this: if D's term on the score criterion rose by one level (from slightly high to high), D's dominance sum would fall from 9 to 8 and tie with B; in that case which one takes second place depends on a rule outside the rank sum, such as alphabetical priority. So the second-versus-third distinction between B and D is fragile against a single one-level change in a single criterion; C's first place, by contrast, is robust because all three sub-methods agree on it.
In the report: "Under the dominance-sum rule, Supplier C finishes clearly first in the final ranking, coming first in all three sub-methods. Supplier B is second, D third, A fourth; the order between B and D arises because the reference point favours D while the ratio system and the full multiplicative form favour B, and it is sensitive to a small change in a single criterion."
Source: Baležentis, A., & Baležentis, T. (2011). Supplier-selection example, Tables 4-6 (the hybrid data is given converted into 2-tuple form in Table 4; the DecisionMind manifest takes this table as its starting point). The dominance sums and the hesitation scenario were independently computed in Python by this card's author and matched DecisionMind's engine exactly.
2. Parks and recreation: A municipality's choice of park maintenance contractor
A municipality will choose one of three contractor bids for the maintenance of its city parks. Criteria: landscaping-work quality and speed of response to customer complaints (both "higher is better"), the proposed monthly maintenance fee ("lower is better"). None of these criteria is measured numerically; the tender committee assessed each contractor from past work, using a word chosen from the seven-level term set.
The method negates the cost criterion (fee), converts the remaining terms into their numerical equivalents and computes the three sub-methods with equal weight. Say the contractor with the highest term on work quality came first in the ratio system and the full multiplicative form, but this contractor's fee bid also carried the highest term (that is, it was the most expensive); the reference point moved this contractor to second place because of its weakness on the fee criterion.
The committee's hesitation is this: this engine treats the three criteria as equally weighted. If the municipal budget is tight and the fee criterion should carry more weight than the other two, this assumption of equality may not reflect the committee's real priority. Before announcing the result, the committee should discuss whether the three criteria are genuinely of equal importance.
In the report: "Under the dominance-sum rule, the contractor with the highest term for work quality is ahead; however, this engine treats the criteria as equally weighted, and the result should be reconsidered if the fee criterion is more decisive for the municipality."
3. What Not to Do
The first error is running the illustrative example's price, delivery time, payment terms and location criteria without negating them, that is, treating them as "higher is better"; this turns an advantage on a "lower is better" criterion into a disadvantage and renders the ranking meaningless. The second error is assuming the user has entered criterion weights and reporting "more importance was given to price"; this engine does not read weights, it counts every criterion equally. The third error is ignoring how small the dominance-sum gap between B and D is (8 against 9) and writing "B is clearly second"; this gap can close with a single one-level change in a single criterion.
Sources
For the formulas behind each step, the intermediate tables and citation formats, see the DecisionMind method page: decisionmind.app/library/l2t-multimoora
Baležentis, A., & Baležentis, T. (2011). An innovative multi-criteria supplier selection based on two-tuple MULTIMOORA and hybrid data. Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, 45(2), 1–20. (no DOI)
Herrera, F., & Martínez, L. (2000). A 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic representation model for computing with words. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 8(6), 746–752. DOI: 10.1109/91.890332
Brauers, W. K. M., & Zavadskas, E. K. (2010). Project management by MULTIMOORA as an instrument for transition economies. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 16(1), 5–24. DOI: 10.3846/tede.2010.01
Brauers, W. K. M., & Zavadskas, E. K. (2011). MULTIMOORA optimization used to decide on a bank loan to buy property. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 17(1), 174–188. DOI: 10.3846/13928619.2011.560632
Brauers, W. K. M., & Zavadskas, E. K. (2006). The MOORA method and its application to privatization in a transition economy. Control and Cybernetics, 35(2), 445–469. (no DOI)